Document Type : Scientific Research
Authors
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Irann
2 Master of Urban Design Student, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty Of Architecture And Urban Planning, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
Abstract
Highlights
6.2. The process of compiling a shared space design guide in urban centers
In compiling a guide for designing shared spaces in the central areas of cities, it should be noted that after using the criteria obtained from the heart of theoretical studies, other concepts should be considered that if these points are used, the success rate can be achieved. The executive documents made the plan closer to reality. In this section, based on the issues raised, the guide for designing common spaces in city centers includes the following steps, which include: 1- Proper selection of design intervention area according to the internal and external potentials of the area by using design prerequisites in densely populated urban centers. 2- Starting the process of recognizing general and specific conditions in the field of design intervention, for the correct implementation of the principles of shared space design. 3- Determining the type of intervention and policy-making in the area in order to improve the situation of urban centers by using the idea of shared space. 4- Formulating the mentioned goals in different scales and design areas by using the inference of materials in the form of criteria extracted from the studied documents. 5- Identifying the central strategic issues and the factors affecting it using the principles of shared space design. 6-Presenting strategies, strategies, policies, criteria and recommendations for designing a shared space in urban centers and how to implement its strategies according to the predetermined goals and its strategic issues. 7- Providing various design alternatives according to the type and scale of the intervention and how to schedule its implementation. 8- Evaluating the alternatives and choosing the best option. 9- Starting the design process in the field of intervention.10- Embedding a coherent framework for analyzing, analyzing and measuring the success of the project or its failure according to the discussion of the reversibility of the urban design process (Feedback) in the form of interviews, checklists, questionnaires, impressions Various field and surveys from different strata in specific time periods in the form of social monitoring.
6.3. Design suggestions in the form of principles and criteria for designing a Shared space for implementation in city centers
At this stage, according to the issues raised in the study, which included a review of the theoretical foundations of Shared space, urban centers and global experiences related to Shared space design in urban centers around the world, Shared space design criteria in central urban areas were obtained. The format of Table 3 is displayed under the heading of suggestions. Finally, to better illustrate the process of achieving this important, its research-analytical process is shown in Figure 10.
Table 3. Design suggestions in the form of principles and criteria for designing a Shared space for implementation in city centers
|
Criteria |
Sub-criteria |
Strategic axis |
Approach |
Policy |
|
Traffic management and calming |
Traffic management and calming Change of approach from car-centered to human-centered |
-Promoting pedestrian -Increase vitality |
-Promote pedestrian culture -Implement incentive policies for passing without a vehicle -Increase barriers to the presence of single-passenger vehicles -Creating a lively and lively environment |
- Using incentive schemes for the presence of pedestrians - Imposing continuous restrictions on the presence of single-passenger vehicles in space -Injecting street cafes and restaurants into the Shared space -Installation of playground for children and young people along the main axis |
|
Facilitate movement |
-flow management, pedestrian and pedestrian traffic -Reduce the presence of single-passenger cars
|
-Apply traffic restrictions to stop vehicles on the road for a long time - Imposition of traffic restrictions for the overflow of vehicles to the axis
|
- Prohibition of marginal parking along the axis - Installation of bicycle stations at the beginning and end of the route - Installing the park storage space in front of special uses - Prevent the entry of vehicles from other sub-routes to the main axis |
|
|
Improving safety |
- Increasing pedestrian safety - Reduce the rate of accidents |
-Significant reduction in the speed of vehicles on the road - Awareness of the presence of pedestrians in the road |
- Significantly reduce the speed of vehicles on the road - Awareness of the presence of pedestrians on the axis - Placement of signs and signs at the beginning of the route - Use of bollard to separate comfortable spaces for children to play - Reduce vehicle speed by twisting design |
|
|
Reduce speed |
-Explain the average and ideal speed - Speed limit |
-Speed distance -30 km / h (average) -24 km / h (ideal) |
- Information through signs and symbols throughout the route - Considering a specific interval to control the speed of vehicles (speed limit 24 km) |
|
|
Zebra Framework (Ladder Network) |
- free movement of people (Generally disabled people)
|
- Direction of movement of the blind using building lines -Two-way communication with the atmosphere of relaxation -Provide the shortest path |
-Use of suitable materials in the floor to separate the guide path of the blind -Establishment of green space along ladder paths -Network adaptation based on axis pattern with respect to entrances |
|
|
Parking and Bay
|
- Emergency parking -Therapeutic parking |
-Determination of loader status for specific uses -Identification of therapeutic parking lot |
- Installation of a dock according to the volume and amount of parking required cars in front of certain uses - Installation of a special parking lot for medical uses |
|
|
Improving the physical appearance of the city |
Increasing readability |
- Increasing the clarity of people's mental image of space |
-Spatial design in accordance with the habits and conventional culture of residents - Preventing spatial design by inducing a sense of strangeness in people |
- Designing urban spaces compatible with the collective habits of passers-by
-Complete elimination of urban materials and signs incompatible with the context of urban context and behavioral habits of residents |
|
Elimination of visual impurities |
-Reduction of visual disturbance in the axis |
- Reduction of visual disturbance in the walls -Reduction of visual clutter on the floor |
-Removal of cluttered billboards in commercial walls - Organizing the manhole covers of urban facilities -No disturbance in the use of materials in the wall |
|
|
Speed reduction |
- visual tightness -Strengthen the gravity of the street edge -Reduce forward visibility |
-Use different types of paving - Reduction of speed to 4 to 7 km / h by changing the levels -Extract screw discussion standards, appropriate to the standards -Creating horizontal deviation |
-Creating level differences in the cross section of all entry routes Organizing and guiding the branches of trees to ensure the confinement of the path - Organizing tree planting around the passage of vehicles -Design of turns along the way |
|
|
Threshold (entrance) |
-reduce speed -entrance gate |
- Placing the signboards - Height difference in level -Reduce path width - Reduce visual height |
- Installation of attractive billboards, tourism and guidance to improve the environmental graphics of the route - Creating level differences in the sections of all axis entrance -Determining the height criteria for the walls - Reduce the width of the entrance path (like local gates) |
|
|
Adaptation for the disabled (Sight and movement) |
- Special Paving -Drainage channel |
-Changes in the material of level surfaces Observance of standards in quality and execution of work -Observing the standards of embedding the passage space for the disabled (sight and movement) on the sidewalk |
-Reducing the prominent bar (touch line) while maintaining the effectiveness of 800 mm to 600 mm - 230 mm secure space adjacent to the touch bar - Installation of a special path for the disabled (the width of the special path for the blind is between 30 to 50 cm) -Creating a transverse groove for the passage of the blind |
|
|
Comfortable space |
- convenient location - Furniture installed |
- Observing the continuity of the door at intersections and proper connection to crossing points -Define the range of comfortable spaces -Using the combined feature |
-Considering the comfortable space in the vicinity of specific uses -Separation of comfortable spaces by Bollard from the main axis -Combining comfortable spaces with bicycle stations, green space, tuition furniture, public arts and elements |
|
|
Intersections |
-Passage of Shared space |
- Determining the boundaries of the passage of vehicles -Different texture |
-Using color differences and contrast in street paving to differentiate paths - Using different textures on the same level |
|
|
Walls |
- Organizing worn walls -Beautification of existing walls |
- Construction of murals in accordance with the cultural and historical background of the city -Qualitative improvement of the condition of the walls of the current situation |
-Location of walls prone to graffiti in the street and axial spaces -Improving the condition of unsuitable walls in the street and axial spaces |
|
|
Public arts |
-Embedding elements of urban beautification |
-Locating urban sculptures and elements |
- Creating elements of celebrities and historical events - Construction of furniture and murals with special cultural features |
|
|
Lost space |
-Reviving lost urban spaces |
-Improvement, renovation and reconstruction of lost urban spaces by injecting special uses |
- Creative design in lost urban spaces by combining green and natural elements such as pocket parks -Installation of furniture and proper lighting in the lost space |
|
|
Improve the situation Environment |
Situation Reducing environmental pollution |
-Situation Reducing environmental pollution -Reducing the production of harmful toxic gases |
- Preventing the traffic of single-passenger vehicles in the Shared Space - Encourage people not to use environmentally polluting vehicles |
- Impose various restrictions and fines for drivers of single-passenger cars on the road -Injection of suitable plants and trees with the climate of the area to improve the situation of oxygen production in urban spaces |
|
Reduce the use of fossil fuels |
-Reduce the use of polluting vehicles |
- Prevent the presence of polluting vehicles in urban environments - Preventing the presence of single-passenger vehicles in urban areas |
- Imposing heavy fines for the presence of worn-out and old vehicles in the Shared space - Implementing traffic plans in order to manage the volume of traffic passing by vehicles |
|
|
Green space |
- Shading -Tool the space -Aesthetic - Sensory richness |
- Placement of shading plants at a height of more than 3 meters - Preservation of existing elements and their use in the vision corridor |
-Combination with furniture placement and providing comfort for spaces -Use of native plants resistant to lead sorbent - Use of place flowers in screws for spatial separation - Do not use dense vegetation adjacent to the trails |
|
|
Waste management |
- location and location of reservoirs -Continuous inspection of reservoirs |
-Management of the passage of garbage trucks on the route -Proper location and installation of waste tanks in the environment and continuous maintenance |
- Installation of appropriate tanks according to the design environment - Placement and placement of tanks at appropriate distances - Continuous maintenance and repairs of tanks and storage bins |
|
|
Improving the economic situation and urban services |
Beautiful and attractive design |
- Urban space design -Design of walls -Floor design |
-Using a suitable and creative plan for designing the space in the axis - Arranging the axis walls -Using suitable designs for floor axis design |
-Using of materials compatible with the climate of the region in the design of spaces, walls and floor axes of urban areas -Establishment of creative urban furniture along the way Installation of floor paintings with cultural background along the axis -Design of corridors and creative spaces in the Shared space |
|
Create visual appeal |
- Increase the amount of visual appeal -Increasing sensory richness in the environment |
-Using attractive urban elements along the axis -Using natural elements in decorating urban spaces |
-Using creative urban elements and suitable furniture along the axis -Using natural elements such as compatible decorative plants and integrated fountains to decorate the Shared space |
|
|
Flooring of passages |
- Flooring of the main passage -Flooring of side passages |
- Observing the continuity of the route - Separation of different levels of movement - Preservation of identity and contextualism |
-No difference between riding and pedestrian crossing - Use of different colors in public entrances - Use of canvas materials - The use of homogeneous paving and in harmony with the whole axis -Use of different floors in public entrances |
|
|
Organizing peddlers |
- Managing peddlers -Management and control of the space |
-Prevent the presence of peddlers other than the set hours -Establishing space to create day markets and controlled deployment of peddlers |
-Settling peddlers in certain parts of the space - Control over the prices offered by the sellers to maintain the balance of the market of commercial orders -Considering incentive schemes for vendors providing quality products in the form of allowing a relatively continuous presence in better spaces |
|
|
Strengthening social life and cultural interactions |
Increasing social interactions |
-Increasing the presence of all segments of society in the environment -Participation of people in the process of designing urban spaces |
-Adapting spaces for the presence of all people in the community -Holding public meetings with the elite and the general public -Design of urban spaces based on the behavioral patterns of pedestrians and people living in space |
-Using adaptation standards for the presence of vulnerable groups (such as the disabled and the elderly) -Holding meetings in order to use the opinions of all stakeholders in the project design process -Construction of appropriate urban furniture based on the behavioral patterns of residents and passers-by -Use proper lighting in designing spaces at nigh |
|
Security upgrades
|
- the safety of people living in the environment -Security of all passers-by |
-Increasing residents' supervision over urban spaces with appropriate environmental design -Increase management mechanisms in order to create a safe space |
-Prevent the design of closed and unattended urban space -Design of public spaces with appropriate lighting -Inject 24-hour uses to increase collective oversight across the axis |
|
|
Urban furniture |
- Comfort for people -Aesthetics of space -Urban equipment -Urban services |
-Maintain a useful width of the road -Provide visual beauty -Having uniformity of procedure in furniture -Details of furniture design - Additional elements to the walls |
-Installation of urban furniture overlooking the green and axis spaces -Use of urban furniture location standards -Embedding benches around trees (using shade) -Use of homogeneous and comfortable forms and in harmony with the environment -Extract a coordinated model to design details including furniture for the entire route |
|
|
Attracting pedestrians |
- Inject absorbent uses -Comply with CPTED principles |
- Retail development -Cultural and artistic activities -Development of street cafes -Street design and placement of street furniture and landscaping to prevent unprotected places |
- Considering space for establishing street exhibitions - Installation of catering uses such as cafes and restaurants - Establishment of multi-purpose uses in order to increase social monitoring (24-hour or 18-hour uses) - Placement of urban furniture facing the main axis (realization of street eyes from another angle) |
|
|
Lighting |
-Improving the aesthetic condition of the street -Increase environmental safety -Increasing the safety of people and vehicles |
-Using different types of lighting (floor lighting for elements, the use of lights in several height codes and lighting of roofed paths) |
-Separation of lighting from lighting - Wall lighting - Lighting of elements - Waterfall lighting - Implement a single theme for path lighting |
|
|
Sitting areas |
-Increasing the attendance of people -Creating a behavioral camp - Installing a space for people to relax |
-Considering specific user groups in furniture design -Proper placement of furniture using Place check technique according to current behavioral patterns |
-Placement of furniture in harmony with the environment (street) and at a distance of 50 meters from each other - Installation of special furniture for the disabled, children and the elderly -Installing creative and innovative furniture in comfortable and paused spaces -Combining green elements with established furniture |
|
|
Pay attention to specific groups |
- Eliminate the feeling of danger - Increase attendance |
- Consider a safe space or comfort in the vicinity of buildings -Determining the passage route by touch carpet floor and drainage channels - Use of warning signs |
- Observing continuity in the conductive paths of the blind -Providing the necessary light for the visually impaired and the elderly - Use of embossed floor paintings for blind people when crossing the street - Installation of audible alarms at intersections - Installation of Braille signs to help the blinds |
Source: Authors
Figure10 . The process of hiring urban space design criteria for Shared space for implementation in city centers
Source: Author
Conclusion
In this article, we tried to use the reliable sources available in other parts of the world and study the experiences of developed countries in the field of using the idea of Shared space to control vehicle traffic and promote walking in urban centers, design criteria for this idea in regions Central cities and urban aggregation centers have been compiled and based on reliable sources and experiences, these criteria should be presented in the form of design suggestions in the field of urban centers intervention (Table 3). In recent years, developed and industrialized countries have realized that by reducing the volume of passenger traffic in urban areas and promoting pedestrianization, the former vitality and livelily can be restored to urban spaces. Excessive use of vehicles and dependence of human activities on it, has caused many physical and mental problems that eventually take people living in cities away from the lively urban environment and deprive people of the joy of a happy life. Over the years, several countries have planned to reduce the volume of vehicle traffic, and according to the specific conditions of each country, a special plan has been implemented. The idea of a Shared space is an urban design approach that aims to reduce vehicle traffic, provide a better management space for passing vehicles, and provide a safer, more spacious space for pedestrians. Considering the positive achievements of this idea in all parts of the world and the people's acceptance of its implementation, it can be named as one of the most important solutions to control and manage heavy traffic in urban and commercial centers of metropolises, which in addition to solving traffic problems, Provides liveliness to citizens. In this article, an attempt was made to enumerate the desired criteria for implementation in the design area (Khayyam Qazvin Street) by enumerating the features of Shared space design and using the experiences of successful cities in implementing this idea in its central areas. Khayyam Qazvin Street, which is one of the commercial scenes in the city and also an important traffic axis, due to the lack of user acceptance of the previous plan, accepted the idea of a Shared space (for the first time in the field of urban planning in Iran). Various stages became possible. In this regard, in the continuation of the research, the process of developing design criteria in the field of research intervention was discussed. Also, before this stage, attention should be paid to the discussion of design requirements in urban centers and based on the initial stages of the project, these criteria should be developed. Therefore, relying on valid theoretical sources and studying the experiences of implementing the idea of Shared space in urban centers in other parts of the world and paying special attention to the scale and type of intervention in the central-commercial contexts of cities (relying on research intervention), five main criteria The design of a Shared space in urban centers was achieved, which included: 1- Traffic management and relaxation 2-Improving the physical appearance of the city 3-Improving the environmental situation 4-Improving the economic situation and urban services 5- Strengthening social life and cultural interactions. Each of these criteria has sub-criteria, strategic axis, strategy, design criteria and executive policy that should be used by designers and planners when designing and implementing a Shared space. In the next step, the process of compiling a Shared space design guide in urban centers is expressed in ten stages, which should be considered according to the method and scale of the project. It should be acknowledged that the idea of a Shared space is not the only solution to solve traffic and social problems in urban centers and the success rate of such projects depends on several factors such as preliminary studies, proper implementation, social feedback, how traffic management and has it. The process of implementing such projects is not necessarily free of defects and defects and only tries to improve the quality of social life in these areas by creating physical and traffic changes and provide a lively and lively environment for citizens and the Shared space of Khayyam Qazvin Street. It is no exception and hopes to improve the current situation.
Keywords
Main Subjects
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